[114][115], LeSueur notes that, along with other setbacks, Boggs's mishandling of the Mormon conflict left him "politically impotent" by the end of his term.[116]. The Missouri Argus published an editorial on December 20, 1838, that public opinion should not permit the Mormons to forcibly be expelled from the state: They cannot be driven beyond the limits of the statethat is certain. During the fall of 1838, as tensions escalated during what is now known as the Mormon Missouri War, the Danites were apparently absorbed into militias largely composed of Latter-day Saints. Published March 09, 2022 05:36:49. [80] The day has gone by when masses of men can be outlawed, and driven from society to the wilderness, unprotected. This conflict is also sometimes referred to as the Missouri Mormon War to differentiate it from the Utah Mormon War (also known as the "Utah War") and the lesser known Illinois Mormon War. Reynolds discovered a revolver at the scene, still loaded with buckshot. [51][53] Ignoring this counsel, a Mormon judge in Caldwell County called out the Caldwell militia, led by Colonel George M. Hinkle. During early Mormon history, there was a band of clandestine assassins known as the "Danites" or the "Sons of Dan". Hyrum Smith, Brigham Young, and other leaders left at Far West warned the veterans of Crooked River to flee. Later that day, the Carroll County forces sealed off the town. Surrounded by the state militia, the mood in besieged Far West was uneasy. Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders. "The Year of Decision: 1846". Other Mormons, fearing similar retribution by the Missourians, gathered into Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection.[56]. People were slaughtered. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. [37], Black and others filed complaints against Smith and the other identifiable Mormon participants. The militia promptly arrested Smith and the other leaders. [50] Boggs, however, ignored this plea and continued to wait as events unravelled. A number of Missourians left the scene to obtain guns and ammunition and swore that they would "kill all the Saints they could find, or drive them out of Daviess County, sparing neither men, women or children. [13][42], Sentiment among the anti-Mormon segment of Carroll County's population hardened, and some began to take up arms. [75], Meanwhile, exaggerated reports from the Battle of Crooked River made their way to Missouri's governor, Lilburn Boggs. [43] The citizens of De Witt sent non-Mormon Henry Root to appeal to Judge King and General Parks for assistance. Publish Date: Apr 01, 1987. [16] Mormons had already begun buying land in the proposed Caldwell County, including areas that were carved off to become parts of Ray and Daviess Counties. Once engaged with the commanding officers of the English foe, these seasoned war veterans would have easily defeated King Edward's knights and possibly killed the. Fearing attack, many citizens of Ray County moved their wives and children across the Missouri River for safety. Reynolds discovered a revolver at the scene, still loaded with buckshot. Lilburn Boggs, as a Jackson county resident, and as Lieutenant Governor, was in a position to observe and assist in executing the tactics described by one Mormon historian: In 1833 Boggs passively saw community leaders and officials sign demands for Mormon withdrawal, and next force a gunbarrel contract to abandon the county before spring plantinganti-Mormon goals were reached in a few simple stages. Finally, the Mormons who had taken up arms were to leave the state. 1) June-July 1838: The Danites served as internal regulators, intimidating (and expelling) dissenters from Far West, Missouri, as well as regulating efforts to consecrate properties and voting patterns among the Saints. A committee sent to De Witt ordered the Latter-day Saints to leave. McBrier's house was among those burned. Unfortunately, the shop had large gaps between the logs which the Missourians shot into and, as one Mormon later recalled, it became more "slaughter-house rather than a shelter. There was scarcely a Missourian's home left standing in the county. In his famous Salt Sermon, Sidney Rigdon announced that the dissenters were as salt that had lost its savor and that it was the duty of the faithful to cast the dissenters out to be trodden beneath the feet of men. After several non-Mormons made statements to the authorities that Johnson had acted as a moderating influence on the Danites, he was allowed to escape rather than stand trial. Ironically, as a result of his kindness, he was the only Mormon who was positively identified to have participated in the home burnings. Unfortunately, the shop had large gaps between the logs which the Missourians shot into and, as one Mormon later recalled, it became more "slaughter-house rather than a shelter". On October 19, 1838, the day after Gallatin was burned, Thomas B. Marsh and fellow apostle Orson Hyde left the association of the Church. [108] Mormon residents were harassed and attacked by angry residents who were no longer restrained by militia officers. [69] Instead of staying in the strip, Bogart passed into southern Caldwell County and began to disarm Mormons. Hinkle and other Mormon leaders informed the men that they would fight. They committed a form ritualized murder known as Blood Atonement. According to an article in the Elders' Journal a Latter Day Saint newspaper published in Far West "The Saints here are at perfect peace with all the surrounding inhabitants, and persecution is not so much as once named among them"[17]. [20], In the eyes of many non-Mormon citizens (including Alexander Doniphan),[11] these settlements outside of Caldwell County were a violation of the compromise. INTRODUCTION: The Mormon presence in nineteenth-century Missouri was uneasy at best and at times flared into violence fed by misunderstanding and suspicion. . My brigade shall march for Liberty to-morrow morning, at 8 o'clock, and if you execute those men, I will hold you responsible before an earthly tribunal, so help me God! One contemporary critic of the Mormons wrote: Mormonism is a monstrous evil; and the only place where it ever did or ever could shine, this side of the world of despair, is by the side of the Missouri mob. The refinement, the charity of our age, will not brook it.[113]. Although he had refrained from stopping the illegal anti-Mormon siege of De Witt, he now mustered 2,500 State Militia to put down the Mormon insurrection against the state. The refinement, the charity of our age, will not brook it.[107]. A Militia under the command of Samuel Bogart was authorized by General Atchison to patrol the no-man's land between Ray and Caldwell Counties known as "Bunkham's Strip" an unincorporated territory 6 miles (9.7km) east to west and 1-mile (1.6km) north to south. Mapping Mormon History [20] Mormons felt that the compromise only excluded major settlements in Clay County and Ray County, not Daviess County and Carroll County. Hinkle and Murdock refused, citing their right as American citizens to settle where they pleased. In 1838, Missouri witnessed the "Missouri Mormon War". [66] On October 24, they swore out affidavits concerning the burning and looting in Daviess County. The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. It won the best book award for the Mormon History Association. Soon the "old Missourians" and the LDS settlers were engaged in a conflict sometimes referred to as the 1838 Mormon War. By. Sheriff Morgan was ridden through town on an iron bar, and died shortly afterward from the injuries he suffered during the ride. They also sent a request for assistance to Governor Boggs, noting that the mob had threatened "to exterminate them, without regard to age or sex. When Joseph Smith and volunteers rode to Adam-ondi-Ahman to assess the situation, they discovered there were no truths to the rumors. [40][41] The specific dates of the war are from August 6, 1838, (the Gallatin election battle) to November 1, 1838, when Joseph Smith surrendered at Far West. Smith's followers, commonly known as Mormons, began to settle in Jackson County in 1831 to "build up" the city of Zion. Answer (1 of 3): Original question: What was the cause of the Mormon War? "[82][83][84] John C. Bennett, a disaffected Mormon, reported that Smith had offered a cash reward to anyone who would assassinate Boggs, and that Smith had admitted to him that Rockwell had done the deed. [21], The earlier settlers saw expansion of Mormon communities outside of Caldwell County as a political and economic threat. [102] Mormon residents were harassed and attacked by angry residents who were no longer restrained by militia officers. Address to All Believers in Christ (An) Address to All Believers in the Book of Mormon (An) [85], Surrounded by the state militia, the mood in besieged Far West was uneasy. Although he had refrained from stopping the illegal anti-Mormon siege of De Witt, he now mustered 2,500 state militia to put down what he perceived to be a Mormon insurrection against the state. To William Wines Phelps, a fellow Latter Day Saint and witness to the events, Hinkle wrote: "When the facts were laid before Joseph, did he not say, 'I will go'; and did not the others go with him, and that, too, voluntarily, so far as you and I were concerned? Mormons established new colonies outside of Caldwell County, including Adam-ondi-Ahman in Daviess County and De Witt in Carroll County. Rumors among both parties spread that there were casualties in the conflict. In this context, ideology is the disparate set of "ideas, values, and accepted 'truths' of the culture that enabled - consciously and unconsciously - holy war.". [34] (jwha.info 2010) Boggs survived, but Mormons came under immediate suspicion. They moved into a blacksmith shop which they hoped to use as a make-shift defensive fortification. Mormon vigilantes, including many Danites, raided two towns believed to be centers of anti-Mormon activity, burning homes and stealing goods.22 Though . [74], Most Mormons gathered to Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection. Black refused, but after meeting with Smith, he wrote and signed a document stating that he "is not attached to any mob, nor will attach himself to any such people, and so long as they [the Mormons] will not molest me, I will not molest them. In this 1842 letter, Mormon dissenter George M. Hinkle rashly accused Joseph Smith of plotting to poison the Missourians' water supply. All of the conflicts in the Mormon War occurred in a corridor 100 miles (160 km) to the east and northeast of Kansas City . The 1838 Mormon-Missouri War: Steve LeSueur Date: May 30, 2022 Author: Rick B 4 I'm excited to introduce historian Steve LeSeuer. General Parks arrived with the Ray County militia on October 6, but his order to disperse was ignored by the mob. Agitation against the Latter Day Saints had become particularly fierce in the sparsely settled counties north and east of Caldwell County. [26][28][29], On July 4, Sidney Rigdon gave an oration, which was characterized by Mormon historian Brigham Henry Roberts as a "'Declaration of Independence' from all mobs and persecutions. On the first night of the march out of Carroll County, two Mormon women died. Most refugees made their way east to Illinois, where residents of the town of Quincy helped them. Despite an attempt by the Mormons to parley, the mob attacked. Journal History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He stated that General Parks reported to him that "a portion of the men from Carroll County, with one piece of artillery, are on their march for Daviess County, where it is thought the same lawless game is to be played over, and the Mormons to be driven from that county and probably from Caldwell County." Format: Paperback. [70], When the Mormons arrived on the scene, the State Militia unit was camped along Crooked River in the Bunkham's Strip just south of Caldwell County. When his own troops threatened to join the attackers, Parks was forced to withdraw to Daviess County in hopes that the Governor would come to mediate. On June 19, the dissenters and their families fled to neighboring counties where their complaints fanned anti-Mormon sentiment. My fundamental claim is that the rhetoric of both sides in the 1838 Mormon War exhibited the signature strategies of Innocent III's ideology of anti-heretical crusade. "[81] Other Latter Day Saint witnesses remembered that Smith said to "beg like a dog for peace. Rumors among both parties spread that there were casualties in the conflict. On May 6, 1842, Boggs was shot in the head at his home three blocks from Temple Lot. [19], In the eyes of many non-Mormon citizens (including Alexander Doniphan),[10] these settlements outside of Caldwell County were a violation of the compromise. Executive paralysis permitted terrorism, which forced Mormons to self-defense, which was immediately labeled as an "insurrection", and was put down by the activated militia of the county. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. The Mormons divided into three columns led by David W. Patten, Charles C. Rich, and James Durphee. Eventually, the large portion of the Mormons regrouped and founded a new city in Illinois which they called Nauvoo. On August 19, 1838, Mormon settler Smith Humphrey reports that 100 armed men led by Colonel William Claude Jonestook him prisoner for two hours and threatened him and the rest of the Mormon community.[43]. These militias clashed with their Missouri opponents, leading to a few fatalities on both sides. Rumor reached Far West that a Militia unit from Ray County had taken Mormons prisoner and an armed party was quickly assembled to rescue these prisoners and push the Militia out of the county. When a Mormon band plundered and burned the Taylor home, one young Mormon, Benjamin F Johnson, argued his fellow vigilantes into leaving a horse for a pregnant Mrs Taylor and her children to ride to safety. [38], The Mormons also visited Sheriff William Morgan and several other leading Daviess County citizens, also forcing some of them to sign statements disavowing any ties to the vigilance committees. However, they remained an important part of . Of the Missourians, only one, Moses Rowland, was killed. [86], Colonel Hinkle rode to the church leaders in Far West and informed them of the offered terms. Both sides had vigilante groups who plundered and destroyed property. The Battle of Crooked River in late October led to Lilburn Boggs, the Governor of Missouri, issuing the Missouri Executive Order 44, ordering the Mormons to leave Missouri or be killed. This is how it was explained in a letter to US Army Colonel R. B. Mason of Ft. Leavenworth: While the state militia gathered, Missourian vigilante parties continued to act on their own, driving Latter Day Saints inward to Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman. The Missourians had the advantage of position and fired, but the Mormons continued to advance. Sometimes, it's also called the Missouri Mormon War. It read: "Headquarters of the Militia," City of Jefferson, Oct. 27, 1838. Judge Josiah Morin and Samuel McBrier, both considered friendly to the Mormons, both fled Daviess County after being threatened. Missouri blamed the Mormons for the conflict and forced the Latter Day Saints to sign over all their lands in order to pay for the state militia muster. [48], On October 1, the mob burned the home and stables of Smith Humphrey. [1][42], Sentiment among the anti-Mormon segment of Carroll County's population hardened, and some began to take up arms. LDS Living. "[46] After more than a week, a company of armed Mormons assisted Lathrop in rescuing his wife and two of his children (one had died while prisoner). Reynolds determined the man in question was Orrin Porter Rockwell, a close associate of the Mormon prophet Joseph Smith, Jr. He stated that General Parks reported to him that "a portion of the men from Carroll County, with one piece of artillery, are on their march for Daviess County, where it is thought the same lawless game is to be played over, and the Mormons to be driven from that county and probably from Caldwell County." This triggered a brawl between the bystanders. In the early part of 1838, Mormons started to settle outside of Caldwell which, once again, upset some Missourians so conflict broke out. Around 200 non-Mormons gathered in Gallatin on election day to prevent Mormons from voting. "If found, they will be shot down like dogs," warned Hyrum. [61], Many Latter Day Saints were greatly troubled by the occurrences. [48], The besieged town resorted to butchering whatever loose livestock wandered into town in order to avoid starvation while waiting for the militia or the Governor to come to their aid. The church relocated from Kirtland to Far West, which became the new headquarters of the church. After the court martial, he ordered General Alexander William Doniphan: You will take Joseph Smith and the other prisoners into the public square of Far West and shoot them at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning.[94]. In October 1833, anti-Mormon mobs drove the Mormons from Jackson County.[11]. ", http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/resources/findingaids/miscMormonRecords.asp?rec=doc, http://books.google.com/books?id=TcfYO8JFElcC, "An appeal to the American people: being an account of the persecutions of the Church of Latter Day Saints, and of the barbarities inflicted on them by the inhabitants of the state of Missouri", http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/NCMP1820-1846&CISOPTR=2837&REC=4, "Mormonism in All Ages; or the Rise, Progress and Causes of Mormonism; with the Biography of Its Author and Founder, Joseph Smith, Jr", http://ia600401.us.archive.org/31/items/mormonisminalla00turn/mormonisminalla00turn.pdf, Mel Tungate's Battle of Crooked River sources website, History of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Volume 2 Chapter 11, Length of U.S. participation in major wars, Mormons stripped of property and expelled from Missouri. [74], None of the Missourians were ever prosecuted for their role in the Haun's Mill Massacre. While Mormon women and children scattered and hid in the surrounding woods and nearby homes, Mormon men and boys rallied to defend the settlement. A committee sent to De Witt ordered the Latter Day Saints to leave. [13] In Daviess County, where Whigs and Democrats had been roughly evenly balanced, Mormon population reached a level where they could determine election results.[22]. The Missouri Militia had the advantage of position and fired, but the Mormons continued to advance. Colonel Hinkle and Mormons of the Caldwell County militia were joined by church leaders including Joseph Smith and also by elements of the Danite organization. [53] On October 18, these Mormons began to act as vigilantes and marched under arms in three groups to the Missourian settlements of Gallatin, Millport and Grindstone Fork. [105], Daviess County residents were outraged by the escape of Smith and the other leaders. De Witt possessed a strategically important location near the intersection of the Grand River and the Missouri River. The 1838 Mormon War was a conflict that occurred between the Mormon and non-Mormon settlers in Missouri from August to November 1838. Gen. Doniphan's Recollections of the Troubles of that Early Time. [119] Other historians are convinced that Rockwell was involved in the shooting. The vigilante mob that tarred and feathered Partridge was a group that held meetings and signed resolutions. Add to Wish List Link to this Book Add to Bookbag Sell this Book Buy it at Amazon Compare Prices. [63] None of these claims, however, purport to be eyewitness accounts. The third major and perhaps most significant conflict of the 1838 Missouri Mormon War occurred near this location along Crooked River on October 25, 1838. Boggs held strong preconceptions against the Mormons, dating from the time when both he and they had lived in Jackson County. Hinkle and other Mormon leaders informed the men that they would fight. The Danites were a fraternal organization founded by Latter Day Saint members in June 1838, in the town of Far West, Caldwell County, Missouri.During their period of organization in Missouri, the Danites operated as a vigilante group and took a central role in the events of the 1838 Mormon War.There is no evidence that the Danites existed after 1838. "[27][37] Black later confirmed that he had felt threatened by the large number of hostile armed men. Back in 1987, Steve wrote an amazing book called The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. [1] In Daviess County, where Whigs and Democrats had been roughly evenly balanced, Mormon population reached a level where they could determine election results. We'll get more acquainted with Steve and learn more about his background. 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Drove the Mormons continued to advance situation, they swore out affidavits concerning the burning looting...
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