Why isnt that true across west Africa or areas of Nilo-Saharan languages? I wonder if the errors are just in the published paper or were actually in the study itself. He is objecting to the claim that regardless of quality of lexical evidence, in absence of grammatical reconstruction we cant establish a relationship. Different points of departure underlie claims about universals in language acquisition. 1. (Corpus of the Russian Language) I seem to recall quite a lot being made of the -s derivational suffix plausibly reconstructed on other grounds for Old Chinese, for example. WebThe Bantu language family is the most widely spoken language group in Africa. in Oti-Volta () there is very noticeably more agreement among nouns than verbs, just as nouns are more borrowable than verbs, it might well be the case that if vocabulary remains from a substratum, verbs might be more liable to survive than nouns. These nominal classifications make themselves felt primarily in agreement systems as expressed on: determiners, adjectives, subject and object marking on verbs. Laura Wagner, in Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2001. Rabbits were pets, though I suppose some people ate the ones they raised themselves, and not available in stores until later. Its reconstructable for Proto-Bantu (despite the Swahili), as *camb-, which does look tantalisingly like Proto-OV *am-, but as the Hausa say, Kama da wane ba wane ba Like someone is not someone. Ive no other potential examples for such an initial consonant correspondence so far, anyway. For example, children do not need to learn that there are two main kinds of sound segments, consonants and vowels; that propositions distinguish between predicates and arguments; or that there are intransitive and transitive clauses, with one-, two-, or three-place predicates. [.] No one knows how Balto-Armenians say hd anyway, it is very plausible that they simplify it by all means possible, just like we would do. Tomorrow Ill dig up the quotes from the paper I coauthored in 2020 where we managed to handle the fact that we didnt even agree on whether the species we were describing was an amphibian or an amniote. All comments are copyright their original posters. Cambridge International Dictionary of Idioms With respect to the relatively greater weight or importance attributed to some traits than to others for defining linguistic areas, the borrowed word-order patterns in the Ethiopian linguistic area provide an instructive example. And they both characterize the roots as good/very good candidates for cognates, weak candidates (um, Vydrin actually writes week candidates) and definitely different. Multitran How much less amateur cognacy judgments. My textbook (?) Efforts have been made in the past to explain the suffix/prefix difference as due to Gur having reinforced its nouns with following articles and then having lost its original prefixes. Woodard, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. (Now youve got me curious. On reflection, the mediopassive -r would be rather different from the locatives involved in progressive forms: rather than being an integral part of the relevant construction itself, it would be a sort of reinforcement of the meaning already inherent in a mediopassive verb, emphasising that the effect of the action didnt pass over to any other entity apart from the subject. But the basic yes/no on adenine, cytosine, thymine and guanine is binary and unforgiving. I found this paper in the footnotes to a paper by Starostin arguing that Nobiin did not diverge from other Nile-Nubian languages first, but rather, there is a strong substrate influence in Nobiin. In the domain of morphology, Miceli, Mazzucchi, Menn, and Goodglass (1983) demonstrate the importance of parametric variation. Tee hee. L. Campbell, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. But in biology, too, phylogenetics has to contend with convergence (most of it not attributable to factors that are already understood in that much detail) and the occasional horizontal gene transfer. <> Roger, on the other hand, seems to think Nilo-Saharan is not only real but obviously real, in which case the observed similarities would be evidence for subgrouping. (Escuch voces y los v, agarrados a unas boyas, Diario de Cdiz, 21 May 2009. Biol. A term with a neutral, scholarly use throughout the world and, especially formerly, a sociopolitical use in SOUTH AFRICA that, in the context of apartheid, was largely pejorative and is therefore disliked by black South Africans. I do like his section on the limits of the comparative method, though I dont think he goes far enough with his caution (as you will have gathered.). The headline is The dying fish swims in water.. Exploration of genetic links between ES/CS, on one hand, and Saharan and/or Koman, on the other hand, is likely to be quite unproductive even if reconstructions for Proto-Saharan and Proto-Koman-Gumuz are produced. Final conclusions: 1. Jewish Lexicon Project Hare is small game like pheasant and quail WIWAL that was a different class from chickens and geese on one side, and pork and beef on the other. Additional grammatical meanings can be added through prefixes and suffixes. I get the impression that the Romans were not keen on navigating in the River Ocean if they could help it. Figure 7. The first (and only) non-American cite in the OED for this sense is from a 1939 British textbook on physical geography. The only really consistent matches among noun class affixes are mV liquid and human-plural bV, though the latter is really only seen in the Senegalian branch. During the early second millennium BC, a Semitic people living and laboring in Egypt developed a script for their own language by exploiting a single component of the Egyptian writing system. There is abundant evidence for the spread of languages like Mande, Songhay and Hausa over the last couple of millennia (or even later.) Most salmon are anadromous , spending most of their time in the ocean but breeding on land. Lisramic is the only one based on roots from the languages themselves (*lis tongue; language; Eg. I havent taken a look at the new paper yet, so I dont know if it continues this blunder, but I know that other recent Bayesian analyses of language phylogeny have not perpetuated it. Of these he lists 9 most convincing (p.9, one paragraph in the center), adds 21 more (pp 9-10) and says that at least those are better than HadzaKhoi-San parallels. @Rodger C. Qu pescados son de agua salada? Again, Im incompetent to assess that idea. Lyle Campbell, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. : Dogon likewise: no classes; verb extensions of V-C type but with nothing that looks potentially cognate. downweighting such characters or simply counting the whole complex as a single character. I have strong opinions and sometimes express myself more sharply than an ideal interlocutor might, but I try to avoid personal attacks, and I hope you will do the same. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales The majority of the J1 haplogroup chromosomes in our dataset coalesce around 5.6 (95% CI, 4.86.5) kya, agreeing with a potential Bronze Age expansion; however, we did find rarer earlier diverged lineages coalescing 17 kya (Figure S2). The thing he writes that gives me the most hope is the constant inux of new data that forces scholars to reevaluate former assumptions, since it seems like a lot of new data will be necessary to come up with anything more conclusive. A very detailed one is in Edward Lipiskis Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Of course there are other issues, e.g. May his pen rest in peace. Thats the magic of the technique: it may be nonsense, but its strictly and rigorously less nonsense than any other solution. Argh. De qu color es este pez? Well, recognising IE words and morphology was the key to interpreting Hittite texts in the first place, so without that we wouldnt be able to understand it. That would hardly give sensible answers given that some data antedate others by four thousand years, and is inevitably going to make Akkadian look particularly conservative and basal.. In his font the characters are slightly distinct, but I dont know enough to tell which Unicode symbol, if any, is appropriate here. AA Urheimat somewhere near the Red Sea, Chadic spreading westward. Investigating another Semitic language, Algerian Arabic, Mimouni and Jarema (1995) obtained results similar to those put forth in Grodzinsky (1984) in the performance of three agrammatic subjects. Also, talk of dilution of Neanderthal ancestry suggests that it was there before it got diluted, but wouldnt it be possible that the Neanderthal admixture took place on a frontier zone, and that the offspring continued moving away from Arabia? The values assigned to the phonetic characters of this earliest Semitic scriptcharacters of pictographic formwere determined by the initial consonant of the Semitic word for the symbol depicted, rather than by any phonetic value associated with a corresponding Egyptian symbol. Vince is also the Ohene (President) of the Society of Gospel Haymanot (SGH), an academic society of theological GospelismAfro-rooted theology committed to the universal Lordship of Jesus, biblical authority and the liberation of the oppressed. Or at least the first that has a name. Its theory of an independent domestication of cattle doesnt seem to be supported by more recent genetic work, though my comment is based on nothing more than following a few google links. An obviously related question is history of domestication**-mutualism-synanthropism-synailourism. Slavic can outcompete many langugauges in productivity of singulatives, but one common way to do that is using all-purpose nominal suffix -ik/-ok/-ka. : There are about 30 times more ghits for pez guppy than for pescado guppy, but both sets seem to be mostly machine translated from English. with cards. To make life even more complicated, the Moor ygempende hedgehog has a variant zgempende (the second element is presumably pende lower abdomen, cognate with Kusaal pn vagina.) It confirms at least that the -d- of Kusaal yugudir hedgehog is some sort of derivational suffix, but that is actually clear in any case from the general principles governing Kusaal noun stem formation. Figure 8. Otherwise, Id think wed see instead of Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan the diversity that we see in the click languages, where we now know that there is in fact genetic affinity between eastern and southern groups, but at a remove in time that matches the untraceable linguistic relations. I thought it was more like Arab raiders in Africa or Viking raiders in some places: burn a village, steal some women and slaves, come back in a few years and do it again. Im sure its a real word for some sort of fox-like animal (it looks like a fox in the illustration in the booklet I got it from, where its also described as prone to stealing chickens) but my informant may have been wrong about the meaning. In Modern English, out of 18 verbs in the 100 Swadesh list, two are Norse borrowings (die, kill), and one is a semantic usurpation (walk). Noic (Russian Noy, Noah) did come time to my mind, but not Mitic, I never thought about it!!! African Language Review 6:17-25. SImilarly, et is in a word list for arsusi (Oman) and I heard it mentioned in the context of Yemen. Looking at Fulfulde, with its record-breaking profusion of noun classes, the two things that strike you coming from Gur are, (a) the system doesnt work the same way with regard to number: rather than many regular sg/pl pairings, many singular classes share the same handful of plural classes (so too in Wolof). . We are speaking about scales of millenia. We see it right before our eyes: the South Slavic continuum (the part of it where you have cases to the west and dont have cases to the east). Much of it is free, too, apparently intended as a basis for discussion in a March international genetics conference that would have been held in Africa, but covid. But each article is heavily footnoted, so you can test their assertions easily. The Aramaic script gave rise to the writing system of Syriac (ca. ), Im fairly sure that a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the currently spoken Germanic languages based on Swadesh lists would show that English was basal.. 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