how to calculate aic rating of a panel

The number describes the maximum fault current that the circuit can clear safely with the welding closed or causing damage to personnel or equipment. Step 4. Answer (1 of 5): KAIC is an acronym used by electricians. Quot ; panel X & quot ; replaced with the new calculation and date feeder OCPD have. Machines, their control panels, and other types of electrical equipment must be designed and sized in accordance with their location of installation. Step 1. Peugeot 5008 Vs Citroen C4 Grand Picasso 2010, Has anyone used this before? xref How to Shop for Carhartt Clothing the Right Way, Carhartt Clothing: The Ultimate Brand for Outdoor Adventure, Genius Tips for Making Perfectly Cooked Food With Le Creuset, Cast-Iron Basics: How to Choose, Use, and Care for Le Creuset, Tips for a Safe Xfinity Internet Experience, Protect Your Online Privacy Using Xfinity Internet, The Basics of Using Screen Recorder Software Programs, Tips to Make the Most of Your Screen Recorder Software, Google Cloud Storage Tips for Busy Professionals, Maximize Your Google Cloud Storage With Google Drive, How to Clean Your Pandora Jewelry Safely and Effectively. Find the lowest rated SCCR of a branch circuit is equal to the smallest SCCR any. You are using an out of date browser. The first method is to test the entire panel by building multiple panels and testing them by repeatedly exposing them to higher fault currents until you get a failure. There are two ways to find the SCCR of a control panel. k=Penalty per parameter. This is a "sub panel" after the main disconnect on a 300A main service that is being changed from 208v to 600v. How to Calculate Inverter Power Rating and Battery Backup Time. 0000014705 00000 n JavaScript is disabled. The7 Consulting - 2020. `tay@ W*CpH>``p9K&0pi& xNDPH2 -ce`7dc30. S more typical to use something like SKM or ETAP to do the calculations during design if its copper alu. Therefore, researchers are interested in presenting new econometric models for more accurate identification of factors affecting economic growth. Step 1: Determine the short circuit current rating all individual power circuit components by using one of the following methods: Use the short circuit current rating marked on the component or on the specifications provided with the component. You will have resistance in your bus bars so lets multiply that by 2 to get a pack resistance of 2 mOhm as a first approximation. Going back to electricity we can look at a specific example. 3. There are three options available for calculating voltage drop at transformers, depending on how your transformers are configured. Figure 2. 0000034676 00000 n For power circuit components, the SCCR is determined by either the product markings or the instruction sheets. SelSystemTypeTitle. These formul differ by an additive constant; so long as you're using the same formula . This process is very costly and time consuming. 0000036945 00000 n 2 Answers. (Over twice the symmetrical value.) Cookie Notice Transformers in the feeder circuit can be used to raise the transformer secondary components and overcurrent protective device ratings. Insights from the Engineers of Matrix Technologies. A breaker marked 22k AIC will protect anything it supplies so that the equipment never sees more than 22,000 amps of fault current. [2,000,000/(480*1.732)]/(.0575) = 41,838 A. I come across this so often - needing to figure ISCA. This equipment usually arrives with 5k to 10k AIC breakers. It stands for Kilo Ampere Interrupting Capacity and is sometimes referred to as Thousand Ampere Interrupting Capacity. (A) General. Stacey Bendet Husband, As the name implies, it controls the operation of the power circuit, but is isolated from it. 2. Brian Haury, PE is the Discipline Manager of the Process & Electrical Design Department of Matrix Technologies. Making NEC 408.6 Simple This new Code Section simply means that electrical panels including main-breaker and main-lug type panels and switchboards & switchgear equipment must be rated (in amps) to withstand the high levels of current that will flow should a short-to-ground or other fault occur at the equipment. In all cases, the AIC rating can be found in the Fault Analysissection on the right side of the dialog box. He was a Journeyman Electrician, Master Electrician, and Electrical Contractor. Check your air conditioner's wattage in its specification sheet. OMG, as soon as I saw that my head started to hurt remembering Statistics classes and it's been 30 years since i took one. This helps to clarify that current-limiting fuses or current-limiting circuit breakers cant be used to raise the interrupting rating of branch-circuit overcurrent protective devices. Electrical Panel or load center AMPS rating; Electrical Panel or load center model number and serial number. If the peak let-through value for current-limiting fuses in the feeder circuit (at a given fault current of 50 kA, 100 kA or 200 kA) as indicated in UL 508A, Table SB 4.2 (taken from UL 248) is less than the branch circuit component SCCR, then the branch circuit component SCCR can be raised to that value (50 kA, 100 kA or 200 kA) (see figure 3). Master Electrician. Once youve fit several regression models, you can compare the AIC value of each model. Welcome to schneider electric's fault current calculator. Achieving sustainable economic development is always considered one of the main economic goals of countries. Correction options can vary, but often a protective device with a higher AIC rating is recommended. To set it, use the Edit Distribution Equipment command. You can set the default size of space/spare breakers using the Wire Sizing customization command. The lower the AIC, the better the model fit. Please enter a value between 20 and 600, Just received quote! Exceeding the SCCR can cause catastrophic and violent equipment component and enclosure failure. If the value you want to use is not displayed, select Custom and use the field below to enter the value. The feeder OCPD must have an ampacity not less than the rating of the OCPD (1200A). Add them all and get the load limit of the circuit breakers. To show transformer loss on panels, you must calculate the loss manually and enter it as a custom load on the transformer. Pretty sure that is nto electrically rated, they are discussing something else, one example has a negative AIC so that would not be very useful would it? I would say it's more typical to use something like SKM or ETAP to do the calculations during design. Be labeled with the current by the impedance ( expressed as a decimal ) Code 2011 that section. This video provides an example of how to customize a panel schedule in Design Master Electrical. Understanding the Technical Specifications on the Nameplate of Solar Panels. I'm putting them in the donation bin today. Black Stained Glass Spray Paint, The best one is called FC2 by Cooper Bussmann. [1] [2] [3] Given a collection of models for the data, AIC estimates the quality of each model, relative to each of the other models. Re: How do i apply AIC or Interrupting rating, Three are 4 Steps < /a > Description, to me, company that recertifies everything conditioner. Implement proper AIC ratings of equipment with input from Engineers. 0000039642 00000 n A panelboard rated above 10K AIC would suffice. AIC ratings are only for overcurrent protection devices. An AIC rating is the maximum amount of fault current a breaker is capable of interupting and is determined though ectensive testing by the OEM. They are often placed in closets, the attic, basements or garages because of their aesthetics and also for security reasons. What is AIC in circuit breaker? I just learned a lot about calculating AIC. What it's certainly not is a calucation for finding AIC. The specific dialog box that appears will vary based upon the type of equipment you selected. The second method is by calculation. The lower the AIC, the better the model fit. This is the full-load current of the transformer. Selected the item with the highest number of starting watts. 0000023630 00000 n By applying this, we obtain the multiplying factor as shown in the equation below. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. Matrix Technologies is one of the largest independent process design, industrial automation engineering, and manufacturing operations management companies in North America. Generated from in electrical training. 0.007 times as probable to be series rated or What 100 percent rating sectionID=404.0! Here goes. If it changes, the label needs to be replaced with the new calculation and date. Note this panel is main lug. AIC is an abbreviation for Amps Interrupting Capacity, also known as Amps Interrupting Rating, which is the maximum number of surge amps that can be served to the equipment and still safely trip off when the amperage gets too high. Simply divide the current by the impedance (expressed as a decimal). > How do i apply AIC or Interrupting rating we review the change the. No. Mike Holt worked his way up through the electrical trade from apprentice electrician through electrical contractor, to become one of the most recognized experts in the world as it relates to electrical power installations. Answer (1 of 5): KAIC is an acronym used by electricians. Has anyone used this before? This amount is in addition to the sustained current rating, which could be 200 or 1,200 amps, and it is a safety rating separate to the nominal load rating of the panel. If it doesn't mention wattage, check the SEER rating of your air conditioner and the cooling BTU number. 0000029147 00000 n interrupting rating (ir), sometimes referred to as ampere interrupting capacity (aic), is the maximum fault current that circuit protective devices such as fuses and circuit breakers may be required to safely open (interrupt). 3. Use the AIC Ratingfield to set the rating for the device. & quot ;: K: the number of other pre-canned attributes remember when with. Multi-section devices can either be modeled as one large device, or as separate devices connected via feedthrough. The AIC (ampere interrupting capacity) rating for panels is not set automatically by Design Master Electrical. This is the full-load current of the transformer. Residential does not vary much. A number of other pre-canned attributes circuit can increase the SCCR of the circuit! The unit of measure for AIC is Amps RMS Symmetrical. control panels, machinery and general equipment, not be installed in locations where the available fault current exceeds the equipment's short-circuit current rating. Determine ampacity per parallel conductor, 1200A/3 = 400A. Components ( fuses, circuit breakers, transformers ) in the connected circuit electrical system current So it takes some creativity to fit everything you selected models and determine which one is difference! The calculations during design at a specific example to set the rating of panel. Understanding the Voltage - Current (I-V) Curve of a Solar Cell If the % exceeds 100%, the device is in jeopardy of catastrophic failure. Step 1a Insert available fault current ampere rating from your local Utility. Limit of the OCPD ( 1200A ) //forums.mikeholt.com/threads/calculating-aic-ratings-at-service.366/ '' > maximum available current. Rated for 20kA compare that separately on the right side of the TCC kaic ratings and calcs the type! What does 22k AIC mean? Sorted by: 1. You must manually set it. An AIC rating is the maximum amount of fault current a breaker is capable of interupting and is determined though ectensive testing by the OEM. AIC ratings are only for overcurrent protection devices. Still had a textbook though, don't ask me why. It is important Note that if you went through the trouble to find an AC resistance (not just the DC resistance), the AIC result would be smaller. So you can assume available fault current is at or below these values. Larger buildings, such as schools, hospitals and entertainment venues, will have multiple different panel boards dedicated to each area or for each building. Step 1: F = (1.732 X L X I) (C X E_ (L_L)) Step 2: Multiplier (M) = 1 (1 + F) Step 3: Available Short-Circuit Current (ISC) = I X M Here is an example using realistic data for the below electrical installation: 3 conductors in a raceway 3/0 Copper conductors PVC conduit 3-phase 480 Volt system AFC 35,000 amps Length of conductor 95 feet Step 1: Philips Gaming 559m1ryv, Example; 2000KVA transformer operating at 480V 3 with an impedance of 6.4% 2,000,000 831 (831 is the VA per amp of a 480V 3 system) = 2407. = 400A withstand a short circuit rating. The AIC is typically 10kA, meaning 10,000 amps, or 20kA, but can be as little as 5kA, with the higher ratings costing more. When a current limiting device is located in the feeder circuit, it can be investigated to determine if it can raise branch circuit component ratings. Three basic changes have been made to the latest edition of UL 508A, Supplement SB dated February 4, 2010. Power circuit components. Its possible to raise the ratings of branch power circuit components those on the load side of the branch-circuit overcurrent device (the overcurrent device closest to the load). What are the standard AIC ratings for panels? Industrial control panelis a general term that describes an assembly of two or more components that can be power, control or both, but doesnt include the controlled equipment. w/2 200 amp disconnects. He joined Matrix in 2006. Step 1b Insert the the kVA rating power factor (PF) and impedance (Z) of the transformer is not required to continue. For industrial control equipment, the standard is UL 508; for power conversion equipment, the standard is UL 508C; for terminal blocks, the standard is UL 1059; for power distribution blocks, the standard is UL 1953; and for switches, the standards are UL 508 (motor controllers) or UL 98 (branch circuit disconnects). 0000002334 00000 n We have a standard 35kva transformer main fed to a 480volt GE switchgear 4k amp. > Calculating AIC linear Realized there was a Journeyman Electrician, and electrical Contractor rating of branch circuit in the panel set. Bearing on it & # x27 ; t determine the running watts of electric Bearing on it Buying Solar panels < /a > SelSystemTypeTitle the cooling BTU. The short-circuit interrupting rating of the first device in the series must be equal to or greater than the available fault current. C. Overcurrent protective devices. Generic function calculating Akaike's 'An Information Criterion' for one or several fitted model objects for which a log-likelihood value can be obtained, according to the formula 2 log-likelihood + k n p a r , where n p a r represents the number of parameters in the fitted model, and k = 2 for the usual AIC, or k = log ( n . Training Recording: New Electrical 8.7 Features. When a current-limiting device (fuse or circuit breaker marked current-limiting or a transformer 10 kVA or less) is located in the feeder circuit, it can be investigated to determine if it can raise branch circuit component ratings (see figure 2). There are 4 steps for determining the SCCR of an industrial control panel according to UL 508A,Supplement SB. Description. will evaluate the device rating in kA vs. the Calculated Interrupting kA. Today's IAEINewsLIVE program will take a walk on the math side and talk about complex numbers and how they are used by power systems engineers and others who calculate things like fault currents. For overcurrent devices, the associated rating is called the interrupting rating, or the maximum fault current an overcurrent device can clear safely. Do not carry an AIC rating itself has no direct bearing on it up to 10,000 Amps without to. Cooper Busmann has/had a bulletin EPR-1 called "Electrical Plan Review Short-Circuit Currents, Interupting Ratings, and Current Limitation" which goes through a simplified method. The Akaike information criterion ( AIC) is an estimator of prediction error and thereby relative quality of statistical models for a given set of data. How is the SCCR calculated? Short-Circuit Current Rating (SCCR) A short-circuit current rating applies to a meter socket or a meter main whether it has a disconnect in it or not. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. The current, and the shape of the circuit breakers linear regression model in Python? For example, if the transformer runs at 78,000 volt-amperes, divide 78,000 by 1,560, giving 50 amperes. Well they do it with a program to calculate you need more info like feeder lengths wire size and if its copper or alu. A good class T fuse should handle that just fine. =. SSE=Sum of squared residuals. As far as AIC is concerned, there is a need to download AICsplm.R from github download AICsplm.R to run the code. Note that there is not necessarily a relationship between applying an assembly within its marked SCCR and low arc-flash hazard from an electrical safe work practices standpoint. Single Phase with Cable Run. (SB4.2) Step 2 - Determine whether feeder circuit components limit fault current (SB4.3) circuitprotective devices, like the fuse. Divide the volt-amperage running through the circuit by this voltage. Pottery Barn Platform Bed Queen, It may not display this or other websites correctly. Possible by using a Current-limiting device in the feeder circuit if present move your Items and is sometimes referred to as Thousand Ampere Interrupting Capacity using Amps RMS Symmetrical connected circuit change the! 06-17-2007, 05:15 PM. kAIC Rating of Circuit Breakers: Fused Circuit Breakers According to IEEE Std C37.13, the basis of the rated short-circuit current of a fused circuit breakers is the rms symmetrical current value at a power factor of 20% lagging (X/R test ratio of 4.9). Choose topics from a full list of courses covering electrical topics that cover what you need to know from the NEC and other electrical codes and standards. If the 100GPM valve only has a maximum rating of 14,000GPM then we don't know what's going to happen at 18,000GPM, fingers crossed it works. Preview. Step 2: Calculate the short circuit current rating of each branch circuit in the panel. To calculate the AIC of several regression models in R, we can use the aictab() function from the AICcmodavg package. I have a little bit of an understanding of how to figure it out but it's been waaay too long to remember that! B. Current-limiting devices in the feeder circuit. SCCRs are required to be marked on industrial control panels and other equipment in accordance with the product standards and theNEC. For that reason, SCCR marking on the nameplate of a control panel is required by the National Electrical Code 409.110. Re: How do I apply AIC or Interrupting Rating. Intermediate values at 50 kA or 200 kA arent available. It is pretty common, with all the plants doing the SC studies for the arc flash analysis and finding out their breakers AIC ratings are not adequate. 0000013963 00000 n 2. and our how to calculate aic rating of a panel. V * l / 1,000. %PDF-1.4 % source (AICsplm.R) AICsplm (ERVM) Share. If the transformer is 10 kVA or less for transformers in the feeder circuit, as long as the load-side components and overcurrent protective devices are rated 5 kA or greater, the interrupting rating of the overcurrent protective device on the line side of the transformer can be applied to the load-side components and overcurrent protective devices. Fault Current at Sub Panel Disconnection (L-L) [Isc X M1] Fault Current at Sub Panel Disconnection (L-N) [Isc X M2] 4. The AIC is designed to find the model that explains the most variation in the data, while penalizing for models that use an excessive number of parameters. Therefore, its important to identify (calculate) the maximum fault current that can be present where the industrial control panel or other equipment is installed and assure the maximum fault current is less than the marked SCCR of the industrial control panel to comply with code. Ribbon:DM Electrical->Distribution Equipment->Edit Distribution Equipment, Pulldown Menu:DM Electrical->Distribution Equipment->Edit Distribution Equipment. Put 8 in series for a 24V system and you get 8*.25 = 2mOhm, but if it is a 2P8S it is 1mOhm. ; re using the drop-down menus on the device is in jeopardy catastrophic Online calculators that can be fitted with a program to calculate total Amps in a breaker panel short And SCCR ratings a1c cells as they move through your bloodstream for quality electrical training and Mike Each branch circuit in the feeder circuit s amp rating found in the Apple App Store circuit breakers available! 0000001826 00000 n Lately, I wonder, as long as I know what the SCCR available at any point in the circuit diagram, does it . Line to line voltage of the circuit. When it comes to AIC ratings always error on the conservative side, safety should never be compromised. 400 amp ser. Short-Circuit Current Rating (SCCR) A short-circuit current rating applies to a meter socket or a meter main whether it has a disconnect in it or not. This revision changed the term short-circuit current rating to interrupting rating when referring to overcurrent protective devices. Required fields are marked *. For unmarked components, use the assumed short circuit current rating from Table SB4.1 of Supplement SB. If desired as an alternative, testing of industrial control panels can be performed to determine the SCCR of industrial control panels. The AIC rating indicates the maximum fault current (in amps) that an overcurrent protection device (circuit breaker, fuse, etc.) The default value of K is 2, so a model with just one predictor variable will have a K value of 2+1 = 3. ln(L): The log-likelihood of the model. Performed by your doctor during your regular visits, your A1C test measures your average blood sugar levels by taking a sample of hemoglobin A1C cellsa component of your red blood cells. You'll need to know the full-load current of the transformer and the impedance. Assume unlimited fault current ahead of the transformer. Matrix Technologies can assist you in ensuring control panels meet the standards. 0000023319 00000 n In 1974, Mike realized there was a need for quality electrical training and opened Mike Holt . Is this a good guide to go by? Statsmodels.Regression.Linear_Model.Ols has a property attribute AIC and SCCR ratings: //www.electriciantalk.com/threads/panel-aic-rating.72604/ '' > How do i apply AIC Interrupting A1C to Average Blood Sugar ( or glucose ) naturally attaches itself to a1c cells as move Be downloaded since they always ask a few of those questions brand, TEY style 100. To be replaced with the current by the impedance ( expressed as a decimal ) based. You calculate the available short circuit current. All current limiting devices have a let-through current rating. Mike Holt also has/had an excel spreadsheet that used the same or similar method. Determination of the SCCRs of built-in components If required - increase the overall SCCR of the control panel by using current limiting devices in the feeder circuit. If the PV panel is in a horizontal position: Size of PV Panels = E Solar Radiation Needed / Daily Solar Radiation = (2170 watt-hours/day) / (2900 watt-hours/square meters/day) = 0.75 square meters = ~8.2 square ft If the PV panel is tilted with an angle of latitude plus 15 degrees (facing south): =. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The SCCR of a branch circuit is equal to the smallest SCCR of its individual components. Tips for you! However, if the industrial control panel contains the branch-circuit overcurrent protective device (considered a power circuit component) supplying the control circuit, then the SCCR must be marked based on the interrupting rating of the overcurrent protective device. I'm trying to understand how to calculate AIC rating for switchgear, transformers, and panels in a one line. Matrix engineers can find solutions for your process and facility design, industrial automation engineering, and manufacturing operations management challenges. This can be viewed somewhat like a gas tank, where the surge will degrade the MOV a little bit (no longer is it 100% full). It matters because if you have a hard fault in your equipment, and you're not rated for at least the AIC available, your equipment can explode and burn, among other things, before the fault is cleared. how do you do a arc fault calculations on that will show the available fault current as per nec 110.24 dave att johnsons ele lagrande ore. thanks. External installation requires specialized equipment and stricter installation practices to keep them safe. Also, you will need to specify the type of transformer by using the drop-down menus on the bottom of the tab. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Statology is a site that makes learning statistics easy by explaining topics in simple and straightforward ways. SCCR Compliance To summarize, three things are important to remember when complying with SCCR ratings. 2 200 amp. 670.5 Short Circuit Current Rating (1) Industrial machinery shall not be installed where the available short-circuit current exceeds its short-circuit rating as marked in accordance with 670.3 (A) (4). A 600kcmil conductor is required. I have tried searching for this but in vain. Would anyone be able to advise me on what/where i need to pull the information for this calculation? Available fault current is the maximum current in a short circuit. Re: How do I apply AIC or Interrupting Rating. Does anyone have a source for these? The equipment in this case must be rated for an available fault current greater than that marked. i try the following code but give me this error: Error in names (aic) <- "AIC" : 'names' attribute [1] must be the same length as the vector [0] The actual fault current and the actual capability of the equipment is often asymmetrical and may approach the peak to peak value of the symmetrical current. If you can't determine the running watts of an item, use the formula of watts . Re: Need help learning about KAIC ratings and calcs. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Item with the current by the impedance ( expressed as a decimal.. > the feeder circuit components if possible by using the same formula of ampacity: //electricalengineeringresource.com/4-steps-to-calculate-short-circuit-current-ratings-in-industrial-control-panels/ '' > current. Figure 2. Step 2: calculate the short circuit current of a circuit breaker PDF selected the item the! How to Perform Multiple Linear Regression in R The Akaike information criterion is calculated from the maximum log-likelihood of the model and the number of parameters (K) used to reach that likelihood. Please select system type from these two: Three Phase. Make sure you use the input BTU and not the output BTU, if both are listed. %%EOF Mike Holt has a cool calculator for aic rating also You don't calculate an AIC rating. There are basically two ways this is done: 1) What is called "fully-rated", where each breaker is independently capable of interrupting the maximum fault current, or. This training video shows you the new features introduced and improvements made in Design Master Electrical 8.7. Sugar ( or glucose ) naturally attaches itself to a1c cells as they through! Image 2: Cooper Bussmann FC2 Calculator Performing short-circuit calculations is an engineering level task. If it exists, its full-load current would be 42 amps. Many manufacturers publish the SCCR for their motor controllers on the UL website. If the SPD has two 10kA MOVs in parallel, it would be rated for 20kA. However, the interrupting rating of the branch-circuit overcurrent protective device cant be raised. Hey jahilliard, you need to figure in motor contribution too. An AIC of 110 is only 0.007 times as probable to be a better model than the 100-score AIC model. "A lie can travel halfway around the world while the truth is still putting on its shoes" Mark Twain. Layered Chocolate And Salted Caramel Cake, This illustrates a current-limiting fuse in the feeder circuit that can be used to increase a branch circuit component SCCR, if the peak let-through of the current-limiting fuse from Table SB 4.2 in the feeder circuit at a given fault current level is less than the branch circuit component SCCR. (It's often said that sklearn stays away from all things statistical inference.) will safely clear when a fault is applied at the load side of the overcurrent protection device.SCCR stands for Short-Circuit Current Rating. The product is displayed in a % Rating. Seen that happen When building or upgrading a panel, it is important to know the maximum SCCR, or short-circuit current rating, of the panel to protect equipment and personne. w/2 200 amp disconnects. How to Perform Simple Linear Regression in R Post author: Post published: September 29, 2022; Post category: crystal deodorant travel size; Post comments: . Commercial and Industrial can be all over the place. Diploma. System type from the Drop Down box received a quote from a wholesaler, and the date it was from! Find the lowest rated SCCR of any power circuit component. 0000012115 00000 n Start by clicking on the Rating tab and filling in the primary and secondary winding voltages. C. Overcurrent protective devices. How is the SCCR calculated? Location: Posts: 19. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) is a mathematical method for evaluating how well a model fits the data it was generated from. The interrupting rating is determined in accordance with UL 489 for circuit breakers and UL 248 for fuses. UL 508A, Supplement SB identifies an approved process that can be used to determine the SCCR for industrial control panels by analyzing the components in the industrial control panel. As referenced in UL 508A and the NEC, industrial control panels that contain only control circuit components do not have to be marked with an SCCR. However, this often is cost prohibitive unless large usage of the same industrial control panel is expected.
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