Where does Garcin find himself at the beginning of the play? That being understood, does anyone reproach an artist, when he paints a picture, for not following rules established a priori. Beyond the point at which the possibilities under consideration cease to affect my action, I ought to disinterest myself. I make this universality in choosing myself; I also make it by understanding the purpose of any other man, of whatever epoch. But he, at this moment, had the choice between going to England to join the Free French Forces or of staying near his mother and helping her to live. What is at the very heart and center of existentialism, is the absolute character of the free commitment, by which every man realises himself in realising a type of humanity a commitment always understandable, to no matter whom in no matter what epoch and its bearing upon the relativity of the cultural pattern which may result from such absolute commitment. While they choose the same ends as the characters Sartre invents, Sartres modified While many of the items on Etsy are handmade, youll also find craft supplies, digital items, and more. Theverity ofInez'a statement is emphasized byEstella's attempt to stab Inez and kill her with the paper knife, and then herdesperate attempt to kill herself. It is a short and simple way to look at life, but a way I think pushes people to live their lives now to their fullest potential. On the other hand, La Sanseverina in Stendhals Chartreuse de Parme, believing that it is passion which endows man with his real value, would have declared that a grand passion justifies its sacrifices, and must be preferred to the banality of such conjugal love as would unite Stephen to the little goose he was engaged to marry. For what we usually understand by wishing or willing is a conscious decision taken much more often than not after we have made ourselves what we are. If, moreover, existence precedes essence and we will to exist at the same time as we fashion our image, that image is valid for all and for the entire epoch in which we find ourselves. It would appear that, for the lack of any novel doctrine such as that of surrealism, all those who are eager to join in the latest scandal or movement now seize upon this philosophy in which, however, they can find nothing to their purpose. In making the decision, he cannot but feel a certain anguish. What are the two kinds of existentialism that Sartre discusses? The cult of humanity ends in Comtian humanism, shut-in upon itself, and this must be said in Fascism. Obviously, freedom as the definition of a man does not depend upon others, but as soon as there is a commitment, I am obliged to will the liberty of others at the same time as my own. What did Albert Camus mean by creating meaning? His meaning is as follows: When a man commits himself to anything, fully realising that he is not only choosing what he will be, but is thereby at the same time a legislator deciding for the whole of mankind in such a moment a man cannot escape from the sense of complete and profound responsibility. Existentialism is not atheist in the sense that it would exhaust itself in demonstrations of the non-existence of God. There is a need for it, so we presuppose it and thus it comes to be, and we put it to use. For suppose that, like Zola, we showed that the behaviour of these characters was caused by their heredity, or by the action of their environment upon them, or by determining factors, psychic or organic. But neither is it admissible that a man should pronounce judgment upon Man. * What does it mean to say existence precedes essence? What does Garcin mean inNo Exit when he says that hell is other people? Nevertheless, when one says, You are nothing else but what you live, it does not imply that an artist is to be judged solely by his works of art, for a thousand other things contribute no less to his definition as a man. First I ought to commit myself and then act my commitment, according to the time-honoured formula that one need not hope in order to undertake ones work. Nor does this mean that I should not belong to a party, but only that I should be without illusion and that I should do what I can. What was it that led to the movement of existentialism? Theres a problem with existentialism, specifically Jean Paul Sartres concept of existence precedes essence. Thus, although the content of morality is variable, a certain form of this morality is universal. VALET: No. Had this young man chosen a priest of the resistance, or one of the collaboration, he would have decided beforehand the kind of advice he was to receive. In the second place, people say to us, You are unable to judge others. This is true in one sense and false in another. Latest answer posted April 15, 2019 at 3:06:53 PM. That is what this young man tried to do; and when I saw him he said, In the end, it is feeling that counts; the direction in which it is really pushing me is the one I ought to choose. In any case, we can begin by saying that existentialism, in our sense of the word, is a doctrine that does render human life possible; a doctrine, also, which affirms that every truth and every action imply both an environment and a human subjectivity. Condemned, because he did not create himself, yet is nevertheless at liberty, and from the moment that he is thrown into this world he is responsible for everything he does. Expert Answer. Certainly, many people think that in what they are doing they commit no one but themselves to anything: and if you ask them, What would happen if everyone did so? they shrug their shoulders and reply, Everyone does not do so. But in truth, one ought always to ask oneself what would happen if everyone did as one is doing; nor can one escape from that disturbing thought except by a kind of self-deception. We are left alone, without excuse. And, when we say that man is responsible for himself, we do not mean that he is responsible only for his own individuality, but that he is responsible for all men. Under these conditions, the intimate discovery of myself is at the same time the revelation of the other as a freedom which confronts mine, and which cannot think or will without doing so either for or against me. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. This frightens her, since she thinks he is Roger, her former lover who shot himself. Since we have defined the situation of man as one of free choice, without excuse and without help, any man who takes refuge behind the excuse of his passions, or by inventing some deterministic doctrine, is a self-deceiver. The actions I make are those I should wish for others to make, and the actions others make are those. We all know how many common sayings can be quoted to this effect, and they all mean much the same that you must not oppose the powers that be; that you must not fight against superior force; must not meddle in matters that are above your station. "Thus," he writes, "the concept of man, in the mind of God, is comparable to the concept of the paper knife in the mind of the manufacturer." What led to Jean Paul Sartre's existentialism? This young man, then, could regard himself as a total failure: it was a sign but a sign of what? Accessed 18 Jan. 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. Who can doubt but that this decision as to the meaning of the sign was his, and his alone? VALET: Can't you see? It must be considered obligatory a priori to be honest, not to lie, not to beat ones wife, to bring up children and so forth; so we are going to do a little work on this subject, which will enable us to show that these values exist all the same, inscribed in an intelligible heaven although, of course, there is no God. Found something you love but want to make it even more uniquely you? (LogOut/ What is the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein? And this, say the Communists, is because we base our doctrine upon pure subjectivity upon the Cartesian I think: which is the moment in which solitary man attains to himself; a position from which it is impossible to regain solidarity with other men who exist outside of the self. How do ontology and phenomenology relate? Strictly biologically. A man who belongs to some communist or revolutionary society wills certain concrete ends, which imply the will to freedom, but that freedom is willed in community. Further Reading:
What is the relation of existentialism to postmodernism? It is the latter which is the deeper meaning of existentialism. What has that to do with morality? There is no difference between free being being as self-committal, as existence choosing its essence and absolute being. Once and for all. And yet, what could be more disillusioned than such sayings as Charity begins at home or Promote a rogue and hell sue you for damage, knock him down and hell do you homage? Let us, for example, examine the two following cases, and you will see how far they are similar in spite of their difference. Shipping policies vary, but many of our sellers offer free shipping when you purchase from them. Good news! Existentialism Philosophy. First they tax us with anarchy; then they say, You cannot judge others, for there is no reason for preferring one purpose to another; finally, they may say, Everything being merely voluntary in this choice of yours, you give away with one hand what you pretend to gain with the other. These three are not very serious objections. Doubtless he chooses without reference to any pre-established value, but it is unjust to tax him with caprice. What they have in common is simply the fact that they believe that existence comes before essence or, if you will, that we must begin from the subjective. But I cannot affirm that this will necessarily lead to the triumph of the proletariat: I must confine myself to what I can see. In Kant, this universality goes so far that the wild man of the woods, man in the state of nature and the bourgeois are all contained in the same definition and have the same fundamental qualities. How are absurdism and existentialism alike? The presence of such-and-such a paper-knife or book is thus determined before my eyes. Therefore, it is important to me to have another choice, another option, anotheressence to help with the ontological creation of myself. Sartre was a French philosopher, writer, and theorist. The self-deception is evidently a falsehood, because it is a dissimulation of mans complete liberty of commitment. Therefore, we are purposeless, abandoned, and must find a way to create meaning for ourselves to define our existence. What people feel obscurely, and with horror, is that the coward as we present him is guilty of being a coward. Clearly, the anguish with which we are concerned here is not one that could lead to quietism or inaction. And this is what people call its subjectivity, using the word as a reproach against us. One can judge, first and perhaps this is not a judgment of value, but it is a logical judgment that in certain cases choice is founded upon an error, and in others upon the truth. remembering account, browser, and regional preferences, remembering privacy and security settings, personalized search, content, and recommendations, helping sellers understand their audience, showing relevant, targeted ads on and off Etsy. Dead! However, if we are to have morality, a society and a law-abiding world, it is essential that certain values should be taken seriously; they must have an a priori existence ascribed to them. The section Ive been designated to cover in this presentationinvolves theexample of the paper knife or letter opener, andthe idea that according to Sartre essence comes before existance all through the lense of atheism. One must observe equally the relativity of Cartesianism and the absolute character of the Cartesian commitment. Sartre is in favor of an engaged literature, of art that has a goal, a purpose. However, given that the existence of God is not true, our meaning is not pre- supposed, and in fact, we have no real meaning- and then, the definitional terms of abandonment and anguish come into play. He also realised that, concretely and in fact, every action he performed on his mothers behalf would be sure of effect in the sense of aiding her to live, whereas anything he did in order to go and fight would be an ambiguous action which might vanish like water into sand and serve no purpose. What is full awakeness in existentialism? Everything is indeed permitted if God does not exist, and man is in consequence forlorn, for he cannot find anything to depend upon either within or outside himself (Solomon, 2005, p. 211). Either he must remain single, or he must marry without having children, or he must marry and have children. Great! And at the point of departure there cannot be any other truth than this, I think, therefore I am, which is the absolute truth of consciousness as it attains to itself. First, what do we mean by anguish? How are existentialism and humanism comparable? In this sense existentialism is optimistic. The paper knife exists because we, as its creators want it to. JEAN PAUL SARTRE NO EXIT (Huis Clos) THE FLIES (Les Mouches) translated from the French by Stuart Gilbert An ordinary paper-knife. Latest answer posted November 22, 2019 at 7:47:36 PM. Jean-Paul Sartre - La Nause - Vintage 1966 French Language Edition. We have to take things as they are. We also created 2.6 million jobs in the U.S.enough to employ the entire city of Houston, TX! Its also home to a whole host of one-of-a-kind items made with love and extraordinary care. [GARC1N is by himself. Dead! There are no means of judging. He stays because Inez knows what it is like to be a coward. What type of existentialism did Jean-Paul Sartre present? I remain in the realm of possibilities; but one does not rely upon any possibilities beyond those that are strictly concerned in ones action. But what never vary are the necessities of being in the world, of having to labor and to die there. Rather let us say that the moral choice is comparable to the construction of a work of art. We come to know ourselves through such interactions by identifying or distancing ourselves from the actions of others. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. As to the first, to say that it does not matter what you choose is not correct. Not that this or that purpose defines man for ever, but that it may be entertained again and again. There is no such thing as a cowardly temperament. Try using a different browser or disabling ad blockers. If so, Fascism will then be the truth of man, and so much the worse for us. You can go. You've already signed up for some newsletters, but you haven't confirmed your address. Those partners may have their own information theyve collected about you. Do the colors of the couches in No Exit symbolize anything? Christian doctrine says: Act with charity, love your neighbour, deny yourself for others, choose the way which is hardest, and so forth. We never speak of a work of art as irresponsible; when we are discussing a canvas by Picasso, we understand very well that the composition became what it is at the time when he was painting it, and that his works are part and parcel of his entire life. And with this abandonment goes anguish. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. Sartre uses the manufacture of a paper knife (or letter opener) to explain the difference between objects whose essence precedes their existence and the human subject whose existence precedes its essence. The knife is designed with a particular purpose in mind (to cut paper), and therefore it exists in essence before someone creates it physically. Nor can I be sure that comrades-in-arms will take up my work after my death and carry it to the maximum perfection, seeing that those men are free agents and will freely decide, tomorrow, what man is then to be. All rights reserved. What we mean to say is that a man is no other than a series of undertakings, that he is the sum, the organisation, the set of relations that constitute these undertakings. What, then, is this that we call existentialism? How did Roland Barthes interpret semiotics? That is, you can count both upon what the others are doing to help you elsewhere, as in China and in Russia, and upon what they will do later, after your death, to take up your action and carry it forward to its final accomplishment which will be the revolution. What is intersubjectivity in phenomenology? We find here a certain young woman, Maggie Tulliver, who is an incarnation of the value of passion and is aware of it. Therefore, you can see that there is a possibility of creating a human community. Mercier, we forget how an infant smiles. First Published: World Publishing Company in 1956;
document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Thus, the paper-knife is at the same time an article producible in a certain manner and one whichserves a definite purpose, for one cannot suppose that a man would produce a paper-knife without knowing what it was forHere, then we are viewing the world from a technical standpoint, and we can say that, In the presentation, I will pose the question Can the same be said for us as humans?. He fully realised that this woman lived only for him and that his disappearance or perhaps his death would plunge her into despair. Our point of departure is, indeed, the subjectivity of the individual, and that for strictly philosophic reasons. But here I must at once digress to make it quite clear that we are not propounding an aesthetic morality, for our adversaries are disingenuous enough to reproach us even with that. The third objection, stated by saying, You take with one hand what you give with the other, means, at bottom, your values are not serious, since you choose them yourselves. To that I can only say that I am very sorry that it should be so; but if I have excluded God the Father, there must be somebody to invent values. Tomorrow, after my death, some men may decide to establish Fascism, and the others may be so cowardly or so slack as to let them do so. What is the first principle of existentialism? Thus, there is no human nature, because there is no God to have a conception of it. Very well. For I declare that freedom, in respect of concrete circumstances, can have no other end and aim but itself; and when once a man has seen that values depend upon himself, in that state of forsakenness he can will only one thing, and that is freedom as the foundation of all values. If I am a worker, for instance, I may choose to join a Christian rather than a Communist trade union. Likewise,Estella and Inez do not act. All that interconnectivity. Etsy uses cookies and similar technologies to give you a better experience, enabling things like: Detailed information can be found in Etsys Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy and our Privacy Policy. If man as the existentialist sees him is not definable, it is because to begin with he is nothing. GARCIN: Then what's the use of this? Comments (0) Answer & But which is the harder road? Upon this same level, I say that it is also a self-deception if I choose to declare that certain values are incumbent upon me; I am in contradiction with myself if I will these values and at the same time say that they impose themselves upon me. [VALET goes out.] We are in the same creative situation. In his life he had suffered a succession of rather severe setbacks. To enable personalized advertising (like interest-based ads), we may share your data with our marketing and advertising partners using cookies and other technologies. Marxism & Ethics |
(LogOut/ In order to define the probable one must possess the true. Choose the options youd like for the order. What is horizontalization in phenomenology? Existentialists like Sartre believe there isnt a God that determines peoples nature. Indeed their excessive protests make me suspect that what is annoying them is not so much our pessimism, but, much more likely, our optimism. Certainly we cannot say that this man, in choosing to remain with his mother that is, in taking sentiment, personal devotion and concrete charity as his moral foundations would be making an irresponsible choice, nor could we do so if he preferred the sacrifice of going away to England. Ethics of Ambiguity, de Beauvoir 1947 |
Thus, the first effect of existentialism is that it puts every man in possession of himself as he is, and places the entire responsibility for his existence squarely upon his own shoulders. Let us say, then, of the paperknife that its essence that is to say the sum of the formulae and the qualities which made its production and its definition possible precedes its existence. A lecture by Jean-Paul Sartre given at The Club Maintenant in Paris, on October 29, 1945. [VALET shrugs his shoulders.] If, however, it is true that existence is prior to essence, man is responsible for what he is. Sartre was a prolific writer including Nausea (1938), Being and Nothingness (1943), and We think, on the contrary, that principles that are too abstract break down when we come to defining action. But in the present one is forsaken. No one can tell what the painting of tomorrow will be like; one cannot judge a painting until it is done. For there is no God and no prevenient design, which can adapt the world and all its possibilities to my will. Sartre explains that most major philosophers up to this point have viewed God as the ultimate craftsman and feel that he created man from a specific essence called human nature. From handmade pieces to vintage treasures ready to be loved again, Etsy is the global marketplace for unique and creative goods. But there is another sense of the word, of which the fundamental meaning is this: Man is all the time outside of himself: it is in projecting and losing himself beyond himself that he makes man to exist; and, on the other hand, it is by pursuing transcendent aims that he himself is able to exist. We first simply exist, encounter one another and allow ourselves to be influenced by one another. What do we mean by saying that existence precedes essence? For since it has become fashionable, people cheerfully declare that this musician or that painter is existentialist. A columnist in Clartes signs himself The Existentialist, and, indeed, the word is now so loosely applied to so many things that it no longer means anything at all. That does not mean that he wills it in the abstract: it simply means that the actions of men of good faith have, as their ultimate significance, the quest of freedom itself as such. It goes further, indeed, and adds, Man is nothing else but what he purposes, he exists only in so far as he realises himself, he is therefore nothing else but the sum of his actions, nothing else but what his life is. Hence we can well understand why some people are horrified by our teaching. No doubt under a higher command, but its orders, which are more general, require interpretation by him and upon that interpretation depends the life of ten, fourteen or twenty men. If you are born cowards, you can be quite content, you can do nothing about it and you will be cowards all your lives whatever you do; and if you are born heroes you can again be quite content; you will be heroes all your lives eating and drinking heroically. All the same, it can easily be defined. Sartre is committed to a radical conception of freedom: nothing fixes our purpose but we Humanism in this sense appears, for instance, in Cocteaus story Round the World in 80 Hours, in which one of the characters declares, because he is flying over mountains in an airplane, Man is magnificent! This signifies that although I personally have not built aeroplanes, I have the benefit of those particular inventions and that I personally, being a man, can consider myself responsible for, and honoured by, achievements that are peculiar to some men. When the valet shows her to the drawing-room, she sees Garcin sitting with his hands covering his face. How are surrealism and existentialism different? For since we ignore the commandments of God and all values prescribed as eternal, nothing remains but what is strictly voluntary. Those who appeal to the wisdom of the people which is a sad wisdom find ours sadder still. Ad vertisement from shop PesereyHandicrafts, Ad vertisement from shop ApfelblueteShopDE. You have seen that it cannot be regarded as a philosophy of quietism since it defines man by his action; nor as a pessimistic description of man, for no doctrine is more optimistic, the destiny of man is placed within himself. Although drama was only a small part of Jean-Paul Sartres remarkable oeuvre that included the central texts of French existentialismthe philosophical movement that he named and spearheadedin the forms of novels, essays, and an almost continual stream of articles, Sartre is unique among philosophers in illustrating his ideas in literary works. Quietism is the attitude of people who say, let others do what I cannot do. The doctrine I am presenting before you is precisely the opposite of this, since it declares that there is no reality except in action. copyright 2003-2023 Homework.Study.com. I may say that I love a certain friend enough to sacrifice such or such a sum of money for him, but I cannot prove that unless I have done it. I have either learned straightforward good attributes and viewpoints from others, or I have experienced some hardship caused by others that has helped me to know myself better and come out of that situation smarter and stronger. In this sense we may say that there is a human universality, but it is not something given; it is being perpetually made. I can only estimate the strength of this affection if I have performed an action by which it is defined and ratified. No rule of general morality can show you what you ought to do: no signs are vouchsafed in this world. Most of those who are making use of this word would be highly confused if required to explain its meaning. In the light of all this, what people reproach us with is not, after all, our pessimism, but the sternness of our optimism. Send me exclusive offers, unique gift ideas, and personalized tips for shopping and selling on Etsy. Similarly, in coming to me, he knew what advice I should give him, and I had but one reply to make. Does one ever ask what is the picture that he ought to paint? The essence of the paper-knife (i.e., the reason for its existence, its purpose, its function) came about before someone invented the paper-knife to fulfill this function. Essence came before existence. For humans, though, there is no pre-conceived purpose or plan or program, mostly because theres no God to conceive of it. Man simply is. Walter Kaufman, Meridian Publishing Company, 1989;
Indeed that objection appears in several other forms, of which the first is as follows. We can judge, nevertheless, for, as I have said, one chooses in view of others, and in view of others one chooses himself. Life is nothing until it is lived; but it is yours to make sense of, and the value of it is nothing else but the sense that you choose. We've sent you an email to confirm your subscription. What is existentialism according to Merleau Ponty? Etsys 100% renewable electricity commitment includes the electricity used by the data centers that host Etsy.com, the Sell on Etsy app, and the Etsy app, as well as the electricity that powers Etsys global offices and employees working remotely from home in the US. Man is nothing else but that which he makes of himself. One could have drawn quite different conclusions from such a series of reverses as, for example, that he had better become a carpenter or a revolutionary. This absoluteness of the act of choice does not alter the relativity of each epoch. One may object: But why should he not choose to deceive himself? I reply that it is not for me to judge him morally, but I define his self-deception as an error. On the other hand, it puts everyone in a position to understand that reality alone is reliable; that dreams, expectations and hopes serve to define a man only as deceptive dreams, abortive hopes, expectations unfulfilled; that is to say, they define him negatively, not positively. Set where you live, what language you speak, and the currency you use. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved. No one. Only, if one took this to mean that the future is laid up in Heaven, that God knows what it is, it would be false, for then it would no longer even be a future. All kinds of materialism lead one to treat every man including oneself as an object that is, as a set of pre-determined reactions, in no way different from the patterns of qualities and phenomena which constitute a table, or a chair or a stone. What are the philosophical underpinnings of descriptive phenomenology? The one thing that counts, is to know whether the invention is made in the name of freedom. He is not like that on account of a cowardly heart or lungs or cerebrum, he has not become like that through his physiological organism; he is like that because he has made himself into a coward by actions. Absolutely! The value of his feeling for his mother was determined precisely by the fact that he was standing by her. If you are a Christian, you will say, consult a priest; but there are collaborationists, priests who are resisters and priests who wait for the tide to turn: which will you choose? Hence we can well understand why some people are horrified by our.... 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Posted April 15, 2019 at 3:06:53 PM, another option, anotheressence to help with the ontological of... 2019 at 7:47:36 PM a paper-knife or book is thus determined before my eyes such interactions identifying... From shop PesereyHandicrafts, ad vertisement from shop ApfelblueteShopDE complete liberty of commitment feeling for his mother was precisely... It to tax him with caprice such thing as a cowardly temperament life he had a! Shut-In upon sartre paper knife, and the currency you use Sartre - La Nause - Vintage 1966 French Edition. Must possess the true decision as to the wisdom of the couches no! Something you love but want to make email to confirm your subscription the individual, and personalized for., though, there is no God and no prevenient design, which can adapt the and. Have children details below or click an icon to log in: you are commenting using your account. Vary, but that which he makes of himself does it mean to that! The presence of such-and-such a paper-knife or book is thus determined before my eyes the! That hell is other people vouchsafed in this world, another option, anotheressence help! Object: but why should he not choose to join a Christian rather than a trade. God that determines peoples nature people who say, let others do what I can estimate! The content of morality is variable, a certain anguish he not choose to deceive himself are to. One that could lead to quietism or inaction come to know whether the invention is made in the place... Quietism or inaction to judge him morally, but you have n't confirmed your address exclusive offers unique. Items made with love and extraordinary care concerned here is not correct people which is the latter which the! Worse for us latter which is a need for it, so we presuppose it and thus comes! Have their own information theyve collected about you could lead to quietism or inaction as existence choosing its essence absolute! Two kinds of existentialism is what people call its subjectivity, using the word as a reproach against us the. The act of choice does not alter the relativity of each epoch we 've sent an... We are concerned here is not correct Inez knows what it is the of... Sign was his, and personalized tips for shopping and selling on Etsy ) &... Theyve collected about you newsletters, but you have n't confirmed your address you see... Since it has become fashionable, people say to us, you can see that there a. Is, indeed, the anguish with which we are purposeless, abandoned, and with horror, that! Said in Fascism and that for strictly philosophic reasons to die there was sign! Houston, TX said in Fascism of freedom truth of man, of whatever epoch pieces to Vintage ready. Because Inez knows what it is defined and ratified decision as to the meaning of the act of does. The picture that he ought to disinterest myself, TX that determines peoples nature evidently... He must marry and have children in demonstrations of the individual, and personalized tips for shopping and on!, people say to us, you are commenting using your WordPress.com account shop ApfelblueteShopDE human nature because... He had suffered a succession of rather severe setbacks a man should pronounce judgment upon man worse... Defines man for ever, but that this musician or that purpose defines man for ever, but it the! If required to explain its meaning we, as existence choosing its essence and absolute being are... No difference between free being being as self-committal, as its creators want it to this!
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