what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6

You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. He agreed that in the first three years of settlement on their reserves, the government would help in the sum of one thousand dollars to assist in planting their farms. During discussions, Gov. There are 1,577 registered members, 537 of whom live on reserve. It remained to be seen whether it was a bad omen. The band was to serve as a model for group Indigenous enfranchisement. They were unaware of the negotiations at Fort Carlton and thought they would not be coming for another month or so. [22] The attempted raid went wrong as Sweet Grass and Big Bear nearly stumbled upon Blackfoot main camp. After meeting with the First Nation Chiefs, Christie wrote a letter at their request and on their behalf to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald to state what the leaders were asking for and their concerns. [4] His tribe was presented with a collection of grass dipped in the blood of the man he had killed. On August 22, 1921, Chief Monfwi, representing all Tlicho, signed Treaty 11 with Canada. Treaty 6 peoples also actively participate in the Idle No More movement. The perpetrators of the massacre would be apprehended and tried for murder and hung in 1885.[51]. Sharing land alongside Europeans c. Legal ownership over all territories d. Hunting rightscross out Expert Answer Answer - Option B - Sharing land alongside Europeans Explanation :- Treaty 6 was related to distribution of land for benefits of European and extended it towards the West. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map. When the North-West broke out in 1885, Wandering Spirit, a war Chief took over Frog Lake and most of the white inhabitants were killed. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. Our Legacy Treaties: Negotiations and Rights, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada Typed Transcript of Treaty 6 Text, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada Map of Canada in 1876, The Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations Learn More About Treaty 6 Indigenous Peoples, The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan Treaty 6. Little Pine and Big Bear were opposed to Treaty negotiations because they believed that the buffalo could still be preserved and that there was a need to regulate the hunting of the buffalo from non-First Nations. The Chiefs asked that firewater (alcohol) not be sold to them and be banned from their reserves. It is the unique collective right to use of, and jurisdiction over, ancestral territory and is separate from the rights of non-Aboriginal Canadian citizens under common law. The First Nations knew that treaties were being negotiated to the east of them and wanted to speak with the government about their future (Miller, Ray and Tough 135). What benefits did the Newcomers receive through Treaty Six? On January 11, 1877, Sweet Grass had an argument with his brother after the signing of treaty six. This would lead high mortality rates within the community. Chief Beardy, a spiritual leader known to possess, Little Pine and Big Bear were opposed to Treaty negotiations because they believed that the buffalo could still be preserved and that there was a need to regulate the hunting of the buffalo from non-First Nations. [35] Sweet Grass beliefs clashed with that of Big Bear who believed that a Confederacy needed to be formed as a united front in order to get the best terms for all. Michael Asch, Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada (2011). This might be because he thought it was obvious that signing the treaty relinquished Indigenous title to the land, or because he did not think that he and his translators could convey the message to them clearly. Charter prohibiting the use of force except in self defense. We Send these words by our Master Mr.Christie, in whom we have every confidence that is all., "Great Father, Let us be friendly. Those who did began to move onto the reserve land and being affected by the agreements made in the treaty. Federal trial and appellate courts . On 23 August, the chiefs and commissioners negotiated the terms of the treaty. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. In another instance, Sweet Grass had invited the Blackfoot into his camp in an attempt to begin a long-standing peace with them. The Governor interpreted this to mean that the Chiefs wanted to be fed everyday, but to the Chiefs, this meant that in times of starvation and they could not feed themselves that the government would assist them with rations when needed. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Although, the Chiefs were waiting for the government for some years now to address them, they were still uneasy of what the future held for their people as they were about to embark on a new way of living. The Chiefs hired Peter Erasmus, a Mtis, to interpret for them during the proceedings and his role became integral to both sides. Other members of the negotiating team included treaty commissioners William Joseph Christie (an HBC officer) and James McKay (Mtis fur trader and politician), as well as translators, assistants and NWMP escorts. [11] The Cree are divided into several different tribes in Saskatchewan and Alberta. It belonged to no one man and could not be sold (Christensen 146). When Sweet Grass died in 1877 his son was left to hold together the Band who followed his father. (, A few months after the Pitt meeting, Chief Sweetgrass was shot and killed by accident with the gun presented to him as a treaty gift, at the hands of his best friend. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Many Chiefs anticipated the arrival of the Queens treaty commissioners. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on . The manager of the HBC post at Fort Carlton, Lawrence Clarke, wrote to government officials that same summer, alerting them that the Cree had also threatened to turn back telegraph workers who were trying to construct a line from Winnipeg to Edmonton. [29] Naturally, this angered many indigenous communities who were more inclined to fight back than work with the government. [26] In 1852 the priest Father Lacombe moved to the Red River Colony with plans to live with the Metis and Cree. 6 was signed on August 23, 1876 at Fort Carlton in Saskatchewan. The written treaty ceded roughly 130,000 km of land from the Rocky Mountains to the west, the Cypress Hills to the east, the Red Deer River to the north, and the US border to the south. This propelled him to work with the Canadian and eventually sign Treaty Six. He worked with other chiefs and bands to participate in raids with enemy tribes. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". [24] In 1870, there were hundreds of thousands, which provided an immense amount of resources for the Cree to a point where they were able to only take the choice parts of the Buffalo. At that time, they as well were facing low fur prices, and poor hunting and fishing. [6] In the more easterly villages, the chief and council formally deliberated on serious theft and in murder. It was a tough decision to make. [27] During the 1860s he moved farther west and would come into contact with Sweet Grass and his band. Indigenous people relinquishing titles and privileges to land. Are Siksika Blackfoot? Christie, the officer in charge of the Hudsons Bay Company for the Saskatchewan District. The Queens representative, Alexander Morris, dressed in a cocked hat, blue uniform with gold braid and lace, was accompanied by the North West Mounted Police and treaty commissioners William J. Christie and James McKay. [3] Moreover, Big Bear was part Ojibwa which meant both chiefs were not completely Cree. Treaty 7 was signed in 1877. In 1882, Young Sweet Grass and seventeen followers joined Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strikes him on the back), who had signed Treaty 6 at Fort Carlton on August 28, 1876. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Its used to categorize all Indigenous Peoples from across Canada as one big homogenized group. The peak of the conflict came in 1861 when the Blackfoot had threatened to kill any Cree, Metis, or white man whom they stumbled upon. Buffalo hunting and fur trading were a vital part of Cree survival. 3 What happened when Chief Sweetgrass signed Treaty 6? January 2020Sweetgrass First Nation is pleased to announce our updated website. By participating, the leaders also took an oath to be truthful during the proceedings. Kehewin Cree Nation Chief Vernon Watchmaker is the Grand Chief for Confederacy of Treaty No. In 1870 Sweetgrass allowed himself to be baptized and was given the name Abraham.[28]. When the Metis under Louis Riel started the Northwest-Rebellion in 1885, Wandering Spirit would lead a group of Cree to raid the Frog Lake Settlement. Schools were to be established on reserves. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. [24] The Cree relied on the buffalo so heavily that they were pushed to a point of starvation. Sweetgrass First Nation Chief Lorie Whitecalf History Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed TREATY 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". All nations kept the rights to use the land for hunting. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. Just before the Treaty party left Fort Pitt, Also, he did not want his people to be under the rule of the Crown, and said to the people, I heard the Governor was coming and I said I shall see him; when I see him I will make a request that he will save me from what I most dread that is: the rope to be about my neck. Big Bear, a proud Cree, was using a, Thirteen years later in 1889, the Lac La Ronge and Montreal Lake Bands adhered to Treaty Six which expanded the territory of Treaty Six. Treaty 6 peoples have also protected their treaty rights through land claims and lawsuits. There are 2051 registered band members (as of Dec. 31/2019), 749 people live on reserve which includes non-first nation people as well as people from other first nations. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. [43] As history has demonstrated, peace between the Blackfoot and the Plains Cree does not last very long. Beardys main concern was the rapid loss of the buffalo and he could not see how the treaty provisions would be able to compensate for such a loss and way of life for the Plains First Nations. Later that year, Sweet Grass was converted to Roman Catholicism by Father Albert Lacombe and was baptized with the Christian name Abraham. Aboriginal is an oversimplification that hides more meaning than it conveys. Morris was determined to have Chief Beardy to sign the Treaty even though he was not present at the negotiations and sent a messenger with tobacco and provisions for Beardy to meet him after he left Fort Carlton. He recounted the important points the Chiefs expressed regarding their physical and cultural survival, recounted the moving speeches of Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis, and the special provisions that they negotiated to be included. Even after Treaty 6 was signed, the Blackfoot and Plains Cree continued to quarrel over hunting as the number of buffalo decreased with each passing year. [14], Cree religion believed in a single powerful creator which they based their ideology and ceremonies on. While the following is not a definitive list, adhesions were signed by Indigenous bands at: Fort Edmonton (August 1877); Blackfoot Crossing (September 1877); Carlton and Battleford (AugustSeptember 1878); Fort Walsh (July 1879 and December 1882) and Montreal Lake (1889). In Morris address he described the governments genuine concern for the welfare of their Indian brothers and sisters and asked them to take his words with much thought and to look to the future, what I will promise, and what I believe and hope you will take, is to last as long as the sun shines and yonder rivers flow. (Stonechild and Waiser 15). During this time Lacombe would become familiar with the Cree language and the culture, even writing a Cree dictionary in 1874. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? The ceremony ended with dancing, drums, and singing of the men and women in the background (. University of SaskatchewanDisclaimer|Privacy|Accessibility, Aboriginal Friendship Centres of Saskatchewan, Big Island Lake First Nation (Joseph Big Head), Hatchet Lake Denesuline Nation (Lac la Hache), Indian Policy and the Early Reserve Period, Island Lake Band (Ministikwan Indian Reserve), Mosquito, Grizzly Bears Head, Lean Man First Nations, Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies, Young Chipeewayan First Nation (Stony Knoll). Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883; but he was deposed in 1884, and Young Sweet Grass became chief. (Ray, Miller, and Tough 143). Young men would attach themselves to a hunter or warrior that they admired and followed or shadowed them in performing tasks. What is the difference between Treaty 6 and 7? Issues arise from the mixed interpretations of the Treaty by both the Indigenous groups and the Government. Created in 1993, the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations represents the various band governments of Treaty 6. (Christensen 270). Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs Website Design by M.R. The bearer of the sacred stem Wah-wee-kah-nich-ka-oh-tah-mah-hote (the man you strike on the back) carried the decorated pipe stem, and walked slowly along the semi circle of people to the front. In another significant difference from Treaty 6, Treaty 7 states that the Crown would pay for teachers salaries instead of the maintenance of school buildings. In August 1876, among the first to arrive at Fort Carlton were Chiefs Ahatahkakoop, Mistawasis and their followers (Stonechild and Waiser 5). [7] This ceremony generally took place when the child reached the age of one. With encroaching settlers and other indigenous groups, the dwindling of traditional hunting,[45] and disease rampant,[46] Sweet Grass and his band of Cree were desperate for support. [3] There is no record of his father. Mistawasis asked Pitikwahanapiwiyin, Have you anything better to offer our people? Pitikwahanapiwiyin did not respond to that question directly, but held firm in his beliefs that the treaty terms were unfair and inadequate. On the afternoon of July 27, 1876, the Honourable Alexander Morris and his treaty party left Fort Garry (present day Winnipeg) and headed northwest along Carlton trail to the Hudsons Bay Company trading post Fort Carlton (Stonechild and Waiser 10). The City of Edmonton and the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations co-hosted the first Treaty No. According to international law, a treaty: Is a legally binding agreement outlining the rights and duties of its signatures. In Cree culture, verbal agreements hold the same amount weight as any other agreements. The disagreement on Treaty 6 stems from three major issues; language barriers, verbal agreements made during the negotiation, and the rights for chiefs to sign the agreement. [31] These were just a few of the aspects that Sweet Grass worked with the government on. But the Canadian government insisted that its grudging distribution of rations was a matter of favour, not a treaty obligation. There were also village elders and warriors. However, they are still not recognized collectively as an Indian band with Indigenous and treaty rights. Dempsey argues that if Mistahimaskwa had been present at the negotiations, the treaty commissioners would have likely had a more difficult time acquiring Indigenous approval of Treaty 6. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The peoples of Treaty 6 also argue that the treaty needs to be interpreted in a modern context. Not all Plains Cree would sign the treaty at first, and many would become disillusioned after signing. What was chief mistawasis Role in Treaty 6? The rest of the Cree assembled there three days later. Historian Hugh Dempsey argues that Weekaskookwasayins acceptance of the treaty was likely influenced by Mistawasis and Ahtukuoops decision to sign Treaty 6, rather than a close reading of the treaty terms. This is our land, not a piece of pemmican to be cut off and given in little pieces. They felt the treaty did not do enough to protect the Cree 'way of life' and forced assimilation into European culture and 'way of life'. John A. Macdonald did not want to go to war with the First Nations as the Americans were in the south to attain lands. They still controlled the territory and to trade their land for an uncertain future would be an admission of defeat (Stonechild and Waiser 16). Indigenous people were forced to choose between living on reserves, receiving a fixed amount of money every year for the rest of their lives and trying to assimilate and lose their status. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. In the west, Ruperts land was owned by the Hudsons Bay Company and the North West Territories was owned by the British Crown.
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